Getting Started With Your WAM, Glue or GRACE UNIX Account

You can move a window by dragging the title bar or most of the frame, with the exception of the corners. To drag the title bar, move the mouse to the bar at the top of the window, press and hold the left mouse button, then move the window to a chosen position and release the mouse button. You can also move the window by dragging the side bar located on all four sides of the window.

When you double click the left mouse button on the title bar, the active (highlighted) window will move to the back. Using the center button on the title bar will toggle the window from the "foreground" to the "background", and the right button will pop up the Window Ops menu. There are several other buttons located on the title bar.

When you click on the testudo (turtle) button, a drop-down Window Operations menu will appear with choices available for you to Restore, Move, Size, Minimize Maximize and Close a window. When you choose Close from this menu you are initiating your exit from the application you are working within.

You can iconify a window (i.e., convert it into an icon) by clicking on the hyphen button on the right side of the title bar. Icons can be moved by dragging any part of the icon. To return to a full-size window, double click on the icon.

When you click on the maximize button, 80% of the screen height is in view, and when you click and hold down the maximize button, 100% of the screen height is displayed. A double-click on the maximize button will toggle you between the original size and the whole screen.

With the X button you can close a window but not logout. Always logout of your account before leaving the workstation.

Note: Refer to Ending Your Sun Ultra or Linux Workstation Session: Logout Procedures for more information.

Dragging any frame (corner) of the window will allow you to change the dimensions of the window. Clicking the left mouse button anywhere on the frame will begin a resize operation. Clicking the right mouse button anywhere on the frame will drop down a list of functions that you can perform on a window (i.e., Window Operations). If you decide you don't want to perform a window operation, click anywhere on the root window (desktop) to dismiss this menu.

By using the scroll bar located on the left side of the window, you can move parts of a window into view. Use the left button on the scroll bar to scroll down and the right button to scroll up. A single click on the center button on the scroll bar will move your current view of the window to the position you clicked on. You can also click and hold down the center button to scroll the screen to the desired position. Moving your current view of the window can be confusing for new users who are already at the bottom of the screen and click the left mouse button to move down. No scrolling will occur and the current position indicator will not move.

Using Floppies and CDs

The Sun Ultras can accommodate standard 3.5 floppy disk and CDs. Using floppy disk provides an alternative means of accessing a WAM file. Sun Ultra workstations can read and write UNIX formatted disks as well as DOS formatted disks.

Floppies formatted on Sun Ultra workstations can only be used on those workstations. Floppies formatted as DOS disks on the Sun Ultra workstation can also be used on PC's and Macintoshes. It is not currently possible to read or write Macintosh formatted disks on the Sun Ultras. To format a floppy disk for UNIX, at the UNIX prompt type:

fdformat

When you are ready to use a floppy disk, you must mount the floppy disk. To mount a floppy disk, insert the disk in the drive, move your mouse to a Xterm window and type:

volcheck

It is important to note that when you mount a floppy disk, the disk drive is established as a separate file system with files and directories branching from the /floppy directory.

To eject a disk from the Sun Ultra move to a Xterm window and type:

eject floppy

Your current working directory cannot be on the floppy disk when you eject, otherwise you will get an error.

Note: There is no auto eject upon logout, you must eject your floppy before logout.

Files can be copied between the Sun Ultra workstation and the floppy disk by using Xdir to drag the icons for the files onto the icon for the floppy disk.

When using this method to copy files, be sure that the tunneling icon is in the off position. The tunneling icon can be toggled on and off by clicking once on the icon. The on position can be observed when the icon appears to be filled.

Copying can also be performed using standard UNIX commands (for example, cp and tar) from a UNIX terminal window.

The CD drive is located on the right side of the Sun Ultra. A button on the drive will eject a tray where CDs are inserted. The tray is made of plastic, do not to press down on the tray or lean on it when inserting the CD. This will damage the tray.

If you wish to use the CD player to listen to a music CD, after inserting your CD, click on the Music button on the Button Bar. This interface acts as a CD player with play, pause, stop and change track buttons.

Sound cards are not available in WAM Labs, but you can listen to audio CDs if you attach a set of headphones to the jack on the front of the CD drive.

Note: If you are experiencing any problems acknowledging the use of a floppy disk or CD, call the OIT Help Desk at 301.405.1500.

Sun Ultra workstation documentation is available online at http://docs.sun.com. General computing help is available from the OIT Help Desk. The Help Desk is located in the Computer and Space Sciences Building (CSS), room 1400. The Help Desk provides walk-in and telephone assistance. Call 301.405.1500.

E-mail

Your e-mail address is your login name with either @wam.umd.edu (WAM account) or @glue.umd.edu (Glue account) attached to the end. So, if your login name is jdoe, your e-mail address is:

jdoe@wam.umd.edu

This is the address you should give when you are asked for your e-mail address.

Note: If you have a new Mail@UMD account, your WAM or Glue accounts cannot receive e-mail. For more information about Mail@UMD, see http://www.oit.umd.edu/email./dt

Sending and receiving e-mail on the WAM/Glue system can be done using a number of different tools. We have selected Pine as the tool to discuss in this document because it can be used from any kind of computer. In addition, it has many advanced features.

For information about using graphical interface e-mail clients such as Netscape, Thunderbird or Outlook Express to read your WAM/Glue e-mail, see http://www.helpdesk.umd.edu/topics/email/os/windows or http://www.helpdesk.umd.edu/topics/email/os/mac .

Starting the Pine Mail Program

To start Pine, type pine at the command prompt and press Enter. You will see Pine's Main Menu screen. On this screen you will find the options you will normally use to read and send mail. You can return to the Main Menu at any time during your mail session by typing m. The Main Menu options enable you to enter various Pine environments. To select an item from the Main Menu, you can either type the letter associated with the command name (c for Compose Message), or you can use the up/down arrow keys to highlight a selection from the menu and then press Enter.

• Compose Message allows you to write mail messages to other people.
• Folder Index gives you a list of the mail items in your current folder (which is usually your incoming mail or Inbox).
• Folder List allows you to view a list of items from the Local listing. After you highlight Select Here to See Expanded List from the Local section, press the Enter key to view the items.
• Address Book allows you to set up nicknames for people (or groups of people) so you don't have to remember e-mail addresses.

Many Pine commands can be selected by typing a single letter (without pressing Enter). There are additional commands available at the bottom of the screen - the collection varies from screen to screen (e.g., the commands you use when composing mail differ from those you use when working on your address book). Type o (Other Commands) to view a list of additional commands. Using Other Commands will change the list to a new set of commands. Sometimes there are three sets of such commands.

To receive general information on using Pine, type ? (Help) from the Main Menu. This will give you information on all Pine commands.

Note: If you have a Mail@UMD account, you can use Pine to read your e-mail. For more information about setting up Pine for Mail@UMD, see http://www.oit.umd.edu/mailatumd/whichserver.cgi.

Reading Mail

To read mail that has been sent to you, choose Folder Index from the Main Menu (highlight the Folder Index selection and press Enter, or type i). If you have messages in your INBOX, you will see a list of your mail.

If you have expanded your folder collection list, move the direction arrow to highlight INBOX and press Enter to read messages in your INBOX folder. To view a mail message, use the arrow keys to highlight the message you want to read and press Enter. When you finish reading it, there are many commands you can issue to handle the message or to continue reading mail, including:

Remember that related commands are always printed at the bottom of the screen. They are available to you whether you are using the list of messages or viewing individual messages.

Sending Mail

Choose Compose Message from the Main Menu, or type c from almost any screen in Pine. Type the address of the person(s) you'd like to send mail to on the To line, and a brief subject for the message on the Subject line. Press Enter or the arrow keys to move from line to line.

Note: The editor used in Pine for composing messages is pico. For more information on pico, refer to Using the Pico Text Editor.

When you press Enter at the end of the Subject line, you will be in the message content area, (i.e., the area below the message headers). In the message content area, it is not necessary to press Enter at the end of every line because the word wrap feature (similar to a word processing tool) does not require you to press Enter at the end of each line. Your messages will be easier for other people to read when you use this method. You should also press Enter twice at the end of every paragraph so that the paragraphs are separated by blank lines. Tip: Keep each paragraph fairly short.

There are many editing commands you can use. They are shown at the bottom of the screen as letters preceded by the caret (^) symbol. The caret indicates that you must use the Control key. For instance, after you create your message, you will want to send it. At the command list at the bottom of the screen, you'll see ^X next to Send. This command is therefore known as Control-x. To type it, press and hold down the Control key and then type x - the same way you would use the Shift key to type an uppercase character. Once you type ^x, a prompt is displayed to confirm the command. You can then type y (yes) to send the message; or you can type n (no) to return to the message and continue editing. If you decide you'd rather not send the message, type ^c (Cancel) instead of ^x.

A quick way to send a mail message to someone is to type:

pine person's-address

at a UNIX command prompt. You will be placed directly in the Compose Message screen. Once you send the message, you will exit the Pine program and return to the UNIX command prompt.

Note: OIT directly mails users with information about the status of their WAM/Glue accounts. It is important to read your WAM/Glue mail or forward it to wherever you do read mail. See: http://www.helpdesk.umd.edu/documents/0/410.

Saving a Message

Unless you delete a message, it will remain available to you in your INBOX. If you find that you are keeping many old messages, it is more convenient to organize them into separate folders. This is done by saving the message.

To save a message you have just read, type s. Pine will ask which folder you want to save the message into. Type a name that will remind you of the content of the message; for example, you might want to save messages from your professors into a folder titled work, and messages from your friends into a folder titled friends. If you do not indicate a folder name and press Enter instead, your message will be saved in the default folder titled saved-messages and the message will be marked for deletion from your inbox when you expunge messages or exit from Pine. If saved-messages has not been created, you must type y (yes) to confirm the creation of this folder before saving messages within it.

To reread these messages later, go into the Folder List by typing l (ell), or choose Folder List from the Main Menu. Then, use the arrow keys to select the folder you saved the message into, and press Enter. To get back to your incoming mail, go into the Folder List and choose the INBOX folder.

Quitting Pine

Type q to quit Pine. A prompt is displayed to confirm your exit from Pine. Type y (yes) to confirm your exit. If you have marked any messages for deletion, a prompt is displayed to confirm that you want to expunge them, which deletes them completely. If you type y, they will be completely deleted; if you type n (no), the deleted messages will still be available next time you use Pine (although they will still be marked with the letter D). Unless you think you have made a mistake in deleting a message, y is the preferred choice.

Once you know the basics of the Pine program, you should be able to figure out most of the other features of Pine for yourself. Don't forget to type ? for help whenever you need to know how to use a command or which command to use.

You can learn more about pine on-line at http://www.helpdesk.umd.edu/topics/applications/email/pine.

Troubleshooting Your WAM, Glue or GRACE Account

WAM, Glue and GRACE account space is limited. Each user is assigned a disk quota. This quota is an indicator for the number of files you have created and the limit on space that you can use. If you exceed this amount, you will be unable to access any more space until you have deleted some files.

If your account is full you may not be able to delete mail or receive new mail. If you log in to your account and get one of these messages, your account may be over quota:

• your disk space is exceeded
• your mailbox is read-only
• new message move failed

Over Quota

To check if you are over quota:

1. Login to your account with a terminal session (see Connecting to Your WAM, Glue or GRACE Account). Make sure you are not logged in to the account with a mail client (such as Thunderbird, Netscape or Outlook Express).
2. At the prompt, type:
   quota
   This displays how much space you are using. If you are using more than 90% of your quota, you should clear space in your account.
3. Clear any temporary files by typing:
   clearcache

If you are still over quota, go to the next section to determine which directories and files are causing problems. You can then delete any unwanted items.

Your account has 3 main directories: pub, home, mail. This section looks at the pub and home directories. The third directory, mail, stores your Inbox and messages waiting to be delivered.

• The pub directory is where public files for your website are stored (www.wam.umd.edu/~loginname or www.glue.umd.edu/~loginname).
• The home directory stores files or directories you've created, and mail folders such as Sent Items and Trash.

Deleting Files in Pub

To delete files in your Pub directory:

1. While connected to your account using a terminal program, list the files and directories in your pub directory by typing:
   cd ../pub
   then list the files from smallest to largest by typing:
   du -sk * | sort -n
2. If you see a file or directory you no longer need, remove it by typing:
   rm filename
   or
   rm -rf directory

Deleting Files in Home

To delete files in your Home directory:

1. Return to your home directory from the pub directory by typing:
   cd
   then list the files in order of smallest to largest by typing:
   du -sk * | sort -n
   To delete files, follow the instructions in step 2.
2. If you see mail folders (Sent Items or Trash) use the UNIX mail program to delete messages (see Using UNIX Mail). If you have a directory titled mail or Mail in your home directory, they may contain mail folders. To move into one of those mail directories type:
   cd Mail
   or
   cd mail
   
3. To obtain a list of folders within a mail or Mail directory type:
   du -sk * | sort -n

Using UNIX Mail

When you are over quota, the mail program you normally use may not be able to delete messages. The UNIX mail program allows you to delete messages in any mail folder if you know the folder name.

To access your Inbox, from a command promt (rac, x, y, z) type:

Mail -f

To delete messages in other mail folders, use the same command:

Mail -f Sent
Mail -f "Sent Items"
Mail -f personal

You will see a screen of messages with several columns. The left column is the message number, followed by the sender, date and time, message size, and subject.

Moving Around

Use commands at the Mail& prompt to move around the folder:

h	This lists the current page of messages
z	Moves you to the next page of messages
z-	Moves you to the previous page of messages

Reading Messages

If you need to read an e-mail you can type the message number at the Mail& prompt and press Enter. To return to the mail prompt type q.

Deleting Messages

You can delete messages individually, in a range, or several at once:

Command	Example
d message#	d 8
d #-#	d 10-18
d # # # #	d 2 9 14 22

Printing Your Work

Print Accounts are required for printing in all WAM, Glue, and many Open Workstation Labs (OWLs). A personal print account has two parts: a Terrapin Express account and a computer-based print account. You can obtain both parts at the Terrapin Express Contract Office in the South Campus Dining Hall, room 1109. Opening a Terrapin Express debit account requires a minimum deposit of $20. If you already have a Terrapin Express account, you can obtain a print account from the OIT Help Desk (CSS, room 1400).

When using your WAM/Glue account, you can print to a laser printer in each of the WAM labs and to other designated locations. Applications that have been configured to allow printing, usually have a Print option available. If this option is not available to you from a menu within the application, you can use the qpr command followed by the filename. This command can be typed from the UNIX prompt:

qpr filename

If you are on one of the WAM RACs (Remote Access Centers), the above command would send filename to the IBM 3800 printer located at the OIT dispatch window in AV Williams Bldg, room 1299. This printer is not a postscript printer; therefore, the output of your printout will be "text only". If you are on a Sun in a WAM lab, the file will print in the lab.

You can also specify a designated printer using the q option. For example qpr -q printer-name filename would print filename to a designated printer-name. Using this option provides you with a means for printing to a postscript printer.

WAM Lab	Printer Name
EPSL	epsl
McKeldin Library	mckeldin
Parking Garage II	pg2
Worcester	wor
CSS WAM PC Lab 3330	cscpc
CSS WAM Mac Lab 3332	cscmac
AVW WAM	avw

In all WAM labs, and most other Open Workstation Labs (OWLs), a print authorization dialog box will prompt you for a page estimate, your print account number and password. The dialog box also notes the printer to which your job will be directed and a queue name (to help you trace your print job). Your printed copy is then sent to the laser printer you selected.

You will be prompted for your print account number, password and page estimate for remote access also. This is a sample of this dialog from a typical WAM UNIX prompt:

rac1:~: qpr -q pg2 program1.c
Laser Print Cost Recovery Program.
Print Accounts are now required.
Charging now in effect, $0.10 per page

Maximum pages [25]:	Leave blank or enter a number
Authentication account:
Print account password?	Note that nothing will appear on your monitor when you enter your authorization account number and password.

If your job exceeds available funds and you try to print, your job will be aborted and you will receive a dialog box informing you that you have insufficient funds. Visit the website http://bank.umd.edu and transfer additional funds from your Terrapin Express account to the print bank. You must provide your authorization number and password when prompted.

Note: For more information about using your Print Account, refer to Printing From A WAM Computer.

Note: Information about obtaining a print account is on-line at http://www.helpdesk.umd.edu/topics/computer_labs/printing.

Note: A list of queues is available on-line at http://www.helpdesk.umd.edu/topics/computer_labs/printing/admin/180.

Bad Copy Credit

Credit request forms are available at http://www.helpdesk.umd.edu/topics/computer_labs/printing/admin/179.Credit is given for bad print copies caused by malfunctioning printers. Credit is not given for poor formatting or editorial mistakes. (Samples of bad print jobs are posted in labs.)

Credit requests will be processed within three working days of receipt. Funds will be credited to your print account; no cash will be exchanged. Credit must be requested within one month of the bad printout.

Note: You will never be asked to divulge your password in order to receive credit for poor copies.

UNIX File System

The UNIX file system uses a tree structure. At the base of the tree is a root. Rising from the root are a number of branches. These branches lead to other branches and leaves.

In UNIX, each branch relates to a directory; each leaf relates to a file. At the base of the file system is a directory called root, which is denoted by the slash (/). From this directory you can trace a path of directories to any file in the system.

Each login name is assigned a home directory. This is your personal workspace on the system. When you log onto the system, your default (preset) working directory is your home directory. The home directory is set up as a private directory; only the user who owns the home directory may see files it contains.

A path describes the chain of directory branches which lead to a particular directory (or file). Each directory name (and the final filename, if any) in the path is separated from the others by a slash (/) and therefore creates a pathname. For example, the /usr/users pathname initiates from root, to the usr directory, then to the users file (or directory).

Your working directory (or current directory) is the branch where you are currently located within the file system; this is where UNIX will first look for files you wish to access or commands you wish to execute. You can find the path to your current directory by entering the pwd (present working directory) command.

A pathname that begins with / is an absolute path. It refers to a precise file or directory starting from the root directory. A pathname which does not begin with a / is a relative path and refers to a directory or file starting from or relative to your current directory.

There are two directories that need further discussion. Your current directory is called . (one period), pronounced "dot". In any command that requires a directory name, the single period refers to the current directory. The parent directory of the current directory (the next level on the hierarchy) is called .. (two periods), pronounced "dot dot".

Files and Directories

One of the benefits of having an account on the WAM, Glue or GRACE system is having a home directory where you can store files. Inside this home directory, you can create any files you choose, and you can create subdirectories to better organize your files.

You can envision the way directories are organized in terms of a family tree. All of the directories on the WAM, Glue or GRACE system are descendents of the root directory. The root directory is indicated by a / (forward slash). Its children include various subdirectories, one of which is your home directory identified through your login name.

The hierarchy below starts with the root directory and branches off into other subdirectories.